Table of Contents
This guide is intended for a novice to be able to tell the difference between various types of fossilized colonial corals. It is nearly impossible to be absolutely certain about an identification without taking thin slices of the fossil and viewing them under a microscope. Paleontologists often classify corals based on small differences that aren’t visible to the naked eye. Classifications also change as new paleontologists study them and have differing opinions on how they should be classified. So, the identifications in this guide are “best guesses” based on visible-to-the-eye characteristics.
I am in the process of expanding this from a focus on Petoskey Stones and am constantly making changes as I learn new information. Special thanks to the Polkadots for their patience with my endless questions.
Part 1: Coral Terminology
- Polyp: single coral animal consisting of a soft body with mouth, tentacles, and gullet; this portion of the coral is not visible in the fossil record
- Corallite: the skeletal cup in which the polyp sat and could retract itself into; secreted by the polyp
- Calyx, calice (pl. calyxes, calices): the middle of the corallite where the polyp resided
- Columella: center of the calyx where the septa intertwine or form a dome-shaped or pillar-like projection
- Septum (pl. septa): radiating support plates from the calyx
- Tabula (pl. tabulae): as the polyp ages, it continues to deposit calcium carbonate in the corallite, raising the walls; as it becomes submerged, it builds floors underneath it to raise itself up
- Dissepiment: curved support plates connected to septa and tabulae that provided vertical stability
- Carina (pl. carinae): vertical bar on septum
- Mural pore: interconnective passages in the walls btween corallites for the transfer of nutrients between polyps
Part 2: Colonial Coral Formations
These are a few of the types of colonial coral formations.
Aphroid
Flabellate
Thamnasterioid
Astreoid
Meandroid
Cerioid
Phaceloid
Dendroid
Plocoid
Fasciculate
Pseudo-cerioid
Part 3: Geologic Timescale
Part 4: Symmetry
Corals have one of two types of symmetry: bilateral or radial. Humans = bilateral symmetry, starfish = radial symmetry. This is nearly impossible to see on fully matured corals, but look for uneven gaps between septa and septa that aren’t directly across from each other.
Part 5: Most Frequent Types of Fossilized Coral
- Tabulata (tabulate)
- Alive from Ordovician to Permian
- Weak or absent septa
- Radial symmetry
- Always colonial
- Well-developed tabulae
- Shared corallum chamber walls
- Rugosa (wrinkled)
- Alive from Middle Ordovician to Late Permian
- Well-developed septa, major ones in groups of four
- Bilateral symmetry
- Colonial and solitary
- Usually possess tabulae
- Individual corallum walls
- Scleractinia (stony)
- Alive from Middle Triassic to Quaternary
- Well-developed septa, major ones in groups of six
- Radial or bilateral symmetry
- Colonial or solitary
- No tabulae
Part 6: Tabulate Corals
Honeycomb
Alveolites
- Silurian – Permian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Alveolites
Astrocerium
- Silurian
- North America
- Photosymbiotic
Astrocerium hisingeri
Astrocerium niagarense
Calapoecia
- Ordovician – Silurian
- North America, Europe
- Photosymbiotic
Calapoecia cribiformis
Calapoecia huronensis
Emmonsia
- Devonian – Carboniferous
- North America, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Cerioid
- Photosymbiotic
- Looks nearly identical to more common Favosites
- Corallites very thin with small pores, tongue-shaped projections from the walls
Emmonsia
Emmonsia tuberosa
Favistina
- Ordovician
- North America, Asia, Australia
Favistina stellata
Favistina stellata
Favosites
- Late Ordovician – Late Permian
- Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Cerioid
- Photosymbiotic
- Nicknamed Honeycomb Coral, Stingray Coral (Alaska), or Charlevoix Stone (Michigan)
- Mural pores in the walls
Favosites placentus
Favosites gothlandicus
Favosites argus
Heliolites
- Ordovician – Devonian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Heliolites megastoma
Heliolites tennesseensis
Heliolites subtulata
Lichenaria
- Ordovician
- North America, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Lichenaria carterensis
Paleofavosites
- Ordovician – Triassic
- North America, Europe, Asia
- Photosymbiotic
Paleofavosites
Michelinia
- Ordovician – Permian
- Northern America, Europe, Asia, Africa
- Photosymbiotic
Michelinia
Michelinia scopulosa
Pleurodictyum
- Silurian – Carboniferous
- Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Cerioid
- Photosymbiotic
Pleurodictyum americanum
Pleurodictyum maxium
Proheliolites
- Ordovician – Silurian
- Europe, Asia
- Photosymbiotic
Proheliolites
Protaraea
- Ordovician – Silurian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Protaraea richmondensis
Propora
- Ordovician – Devonian
- North America, Europe, Asia
- Photosymbiotic
Propora papillata
Thecia
- Ordovician – Silurian
- North America, Europe, Asia
- Photosymbiotic
Thecia minor
Branching
Cladopora
- Silurian – Permian
- Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Thamnopora
- Ordovician – Permian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa
- Photosymbiotic
Thamnopora
Thamnopora
Chain
Catenipora
- Ordovician – Silurian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
- Grow in chains
Catenipora tapaensis
Halysites
- Late Ordovician – Early Devonian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
- Grow in chains
- Typically have 12 septa in each tube
Halycites catenularia
Halysites catenularia brownsportensis
Halysites catenularia
Pipe Organ
Syringopora
- Ordovician – Permian (Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous most common)
- North America, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Phaceloid
- Photosymbiotic
Syringopora retiformis
Syringopora
Encrusting
Aulopora
- Ordovician – Permian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Short, trumpet-shaped corallites gorwing outward from the base of another or from some other point along the side of the parent
- Curved tabulae
- Only trace septa
Part 7: Rugose Corals
Acrocyathus aka Lithostrotionella
- Carboniferous to Permian
- North America, Europe
- Cerioid, Pseudo-cerioid, or Phaceloid
- Lens-like columella
- Frequently have large dissepiments between calyx and corallite walls
Acrocyathus floriformis floriformis
Acrocyathus hemisphaerica
Acrocyathus confluens
Acrocyathus proliferus
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Acrocyathis proliferus
Acrocyathis proliferus
Arachnophyllum
- Silurian
- North America, Europe
- Astreoid
- Patchy, bubbly dissepiments throughout
- Septa extend to axial column
- Tabulae have a wavy appearance
Arachnophyllum quadragulare
Arachynophyllum pentagonum
Arachnophyllum striatum
Asterobillingsia aka Billingsastrea
- Devonian
- Astreoid or thamnasterioid
- Septa come together with septa of other corallites
Eridophyllum
- Ordovician – Devonian
- North America, Africa
- Phaceloid
- Frequently mistaken for the tabulate coral, Syringopora
Heliophyllum aka Heliogonium
- Devonian
- North America, Asia, Africa, and Europe
- Most common type of rugose coral in the world; primarily solitary, but colonial versions in the same species are found in cerioid, astreoid, phaceloid, and dendroid formations
Hexagonaria
- Devonian
- North America, Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia
- Cerioid
- Bilateral symmetry
- Thick walls and septa with hexagonal corallites
- Nicknamed Petoskey Stone in Michigan
Hexagonaria
Hexagonaria lativentrum
Hexagonaria percarinata
Lithostrotion
- Carboniferous – Permian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa
- Cerioid
- Lens-like columella
- Look very similar to Acrocyathus, but no bubbly dissepiments and septa go all the way to the corallite walls
Lonsdaleia (Actinocyathus)
- Carboniferous
- Europe, Asia, Africa
- Cerioid or Phaceloid
- Septa do not go past calyx
Lublinophyllum
- Carboniferous
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa
- Fasciculate
Lubinophyllum flaccidum
Pachyphyllum aka Phillipsastrea
- Devonian
- North America, Europe
- Astreoid, thamnasterioid, or aphroid
- Calyxes look like craters with raised edges
- Septa abut other corallites’ septa at an angle
Prismatophyllum
- Devonian
- North America, Europe, Africa, Australia
- Cerioid
- Nearly identical to Hexagonaria with thinner septa
Prismatophyllum cedarensis
Prismatophyllum thomasi
Prismatophyllum thomasi
Xystriphyllum
- Devonian
- North America, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Cerioid
- Septa are wavy and dilate at the periphery often giving it a zigzag appearance
Part 8: Scleractinian Corals
Agatized Indonesian/Caribbean Coral aka Chrysanthemum Coral
- Silicified with very well-preserved coral structure
- Usually comes in yellows, pinks, or black, but can be heated to bring out deeper, richer colors
Agatized Florida Coral
- Very poorly preserved structure
- Nearly impossible to identify species
Brain
Cyphastrea (Lesser Knob Coral)
- Eocene – Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Photsymbiotic
Cyphastrea ocellina
Cyphastrea ocellina
Cyphastrea bottae
Diploria
- Cretaceous – Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Africa
- Photosymbiotic
Pseudodiploria
Goniastrea
- Cretaceous – Quaternary
- Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Goniastrea
Goniastrea
Branch
Oculina
- Cretaceous – Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
Oculina
Pocillopora (Cauliflower or Brush Coral)
- Eocene – Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Pocillopora damicornis
Encrusting
Septastrea
- Paleogene to Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Africa
- Variable morphology
- Azoocanthellae (no symbiosis with photosynthetic algae)
- Do not form reefs
Septastrea
Finger
Porites (Hump Coral, Lobe Coral)
- Paleocene – Quaternary
- Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Porites compressa
Porites lobata
Flower
Eusmilia (Smooth Flower Coral)
- Oligocene – Quaternary
- North America, Europe
- Photosymbiotic
Eusmilia aka Smooth Flower Coral
Leaf
Agaricia
- Oligocene – Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Asia
- Photosymbiotic
Agaricia aka Lettuce Coral
Maze
Meandrina
- Paleocene – Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa
- Photosymbiotic
Meandrina
Star
Dichocoenia (Elliptical Star Coral)
- Cretaceous – Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Asia
- Photosymbiotic
Montastraea (Great Star Coral)
- Cretaceous – Quaternary
- Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa
- Photosymbiotic
Montastraea aka Great Star Coral
Orbicella (Boulder Star Coral)
- Eocene – Quaternary
- Americas, Asia, Africa
Orbicella annularis
Siderastrea (Starlet Coral)
- Cretaceous – Quaternary
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
- Photosymbiotic
Siderastrea
Other
Thamnasteria
- Triassic – Eocene
- North America, Europe, Asia, Africa
- Thamnasteroid
- Photosymbiotic
Thamnasteria
Last Updated on 5 December 2022 by Angel Doran